First of all, the general effects of venom should be noted. The general effects vary with the nature of the snakes. Cobra and Kraittes venom are predominantly neurotoxic, while those of vipers are histotoxic and hemorrhagic. Some degree of overlap does occur, especially during certain seasons of the year, cobra bites producing moderate or severe tissue necrosis and viperine bites leading to mild neuroparalysis.
Cobra and Krait bites: Soon after the bite, the patient complains of a sinking feeling. Drowsiness, blurring of vision, diplopia, dysphagia and dyspnea. Extra-ocular palsies and paralysis of palate, pharynx, tongue and respiratory muscles supervene. The limbs show flaccid paralysis. Coma and death due to respiratory failure or shock may occur within 6-48 hours. In some cases, the clinical features may resemble acute myasthenic crisis. In the cases that survive, recovery starts in 12-24 hours and may be complete in 48-96 hours.
Viper bites: Within 3-4 hours the bite, the hemorrhagic manifestations appear in the nature of extensive bruising, bleeding from the bitten part and injection sites, bleeding from the gums, epistaxis, blotchy purpura, hemoptysis, hematuria, hemetemesis and malena. Bleeding may exsanguinate the patient and produce shock.
The blood is unoagulable when taken in a test tube and estimation of coagulation time provides a fairly reliable side room test for the severity of en-venomation and requirement of antivenin. Cardiac manifestations include tachycardia, myocarditis and cardiac failure. Electrocardiogram may show abnormal T-waves and disturbances of conduction. Pulmonary edema and haemorrhage may develop. Rarely, optic neuritis may develop leading to partial or complete blindness in 2-7 days. Delayed onset of optic atrophy ha also been recorded.
Renal changes: Proteinuria and hematuria may develop within a few hours after the bite. In the majority of cases, these subside with treatment. The most frequent and dreaded complication is anuric renal failure developing as a result of direct nephrotoxicity of the venom. Lesions include acute tubular necrosis. Hemorrhagic interstitial nephritis, and even glomerulonephritis. Shock aggravates the renal damage. In 10% anuria may supervene and persist demanding peritoneal or hemodialysis. In survivors, renal sequelae are rare but salt losing nephritis, renal parenchymal calcification and membranous glomerulonephritis have been reported.
Death in viperine bite is due to shock, haemorrhages, secondary infection, renal failure or cardiac failure. Long term sequelae like panhypopituitarism may manifest 3-5 years after severe viperine en-venomation.
Krait venom is the most lethal on weight for weight basis. Manifestations are similar to that of a cobra bite but the local reaction at the sire of bite may be minimal. Sea snake bites are identified by the victims as sharp pricks. The local reaction may be insignificant. Signs of envenomation occur within one hour and initial symptoms consist of pain and stiffness of the muscles of the neck, back and proximal parts of the limbs but rapidly becoming generalized. Trismus, ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia and paralysis leading to respiratory failure may follow. Proteinuria and myoglobinuria are seen 3-6 hours after the onset of symptoms. Death is due to respiratory paralysis or renal failure. If the victim survives, muscle weakness may persist for months. The overall mortality of the poisonous bites is 10-15%. Diagnosis must be done from the history, and description of the snake.
Distinction between poisonous and non-poisonous bites
Co-operation of the local inhabitants is very helpful in identifying the species. Poisonous snakes have only one fang; there is the occurrence of local reaction and evidence of systemic en-venomation is as well present. For the non-poisonous species; there are multiple teeth marks; no local reaction and only fright reaction is present.
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Cobra and Krait bites: Soon after the bite, the patient complains of a sinking feeling. Drowsiness, blurring of vision, diplopia, dysphagia and dyspnea. Extra-ocular palsies and paralysis of palate, pharynx, tongue and respiratory muscles supervene. The limbs show flaccid paralysis. Coma and death due to respiratory failure or shock may occur within 6-48 hours. In some cases, the clinical features may resemble acute myasthenic crisis. In the cases that survive, recovery starts in 12-24 hours and may be complete in 48-96 hours.
Viper bites: Within 3-4 hours the bite, the hemorrhagic manifestations appear in the nature of extensive bruising, bleeding from the bitten part and injection sites, bleeding from the gums, epistaxis, blotchy purpura, hemoptysis, hematuria, hemetemesis and malena. Bleeding may exsanguinate the patient and produce shock.
The blood is unoagulable when taken in a test tube and estimation of coagulation time provides a fairly reliable side room test for the severity of en-venomation and requirement of antivenin. Cardiac manifestations include tachycardia, myocarditis and cardiac failure. Electrocardiogram may show abnormal T-waves and disturbances of conduction. Pulmonary edema and haemorrhage may develop. Rarely, optic neuritis may develop leading to partial or complete blindness in 2-7 days. Delayed onset of optic atrophy ha also been recorded.
Renal changes: Proteinuria and hematuria may develop within a few hours after the bite. In the majority of cases, these subside with treatment. The most frequent and dreaded complication is anuric renal failure developing as a result of direct nephrotoxicity of the venom. Lesions include acute tubular necrosis. Hemorrhagic interstitial nephritis, and even glomerulonephritis. Shock aggravates the renal damage. In 10% anuria may supervene and persist demanding peritoneal or hemodialysis. In survivors, renal sequelae are rare but salt losing nephritis, renal parenchymal calcification and membranous glomerulonephritis have been reported.
Death in viperine bite is due to shock, haemorrhages, secondary infection, renal failure or cardiac failure. Long term sequelae like panhypopituitarism may manifest 3-5 years after severe viperine en-venomation.
Krait venom is the most lethal on weight for weight basis. Manifestations are similar to that of a cobra bite but the local reaction at the sire of bite may be minimal. Sea snake bites are identified by the victims as sharp pricks. The local reaction may be insignificant. Signs of envenomation occur within one hour and initial symptoms consist of pain and stiffness of the muscles of the neck, back and proximal parts of the limbs but rapidly becoming generalized. Trismus, ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia and paralysis leading to respiratory failure may follow. Proteinuria and myoglobinuria are seen 3-6 hours after the onset of symptoms. Death is due to respiratory paralysis or renal failure. If the victim survives, muscle weakness may persist for months. The overall mortality of the poisonous bites is 10-15%. Diagnosis must be done from the history, and description of the snake.
Distinction between poisonous and non-poisonous bites
Co-operation of the local inhabitants is very helpful in identifying the species. Poisonous snakes have only one fang; there is the occurrence of local reaction and evidence of systemic en-venomation is as well present. For the non-poisonous species; there are multiple teeth marks; no local reaction and only fright reaction is present.
For a more elaborate information about any of the subject matter discussed here, ranging from medicine to relationships, Christianity, sexuality and even politics, you can visit my website.
Also, there's lots of entertainment for you as there are about 25 different Music channels (ranging from Gospel praise, worship, contemporary Urban Jazz, Acapella and even kids praise as well as secular Music in Hip hop, blues, R & B, mid-night romantic collections, Mid-night soul blues, Oldskool, reggae, classical, jazz, rock and more) just to satisfy your entertainment needs. Visit the link below
PEOPLIVE ! Shocking Snake Venom Freeze Human... by aakhTHUU
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/5865773
